656
September 2016
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING
& REMOTE SENSING
J
ournal
S
taff
Publisher Dr. Michael Hauck
Editor Alper Yilmaz
Technical Editor Michael S. Renslow
Assistant Editor Jie Shan
Assistant Director — Publications Rae Kelley
Electronic Publications Manager/Graphic Artist Matthew Austin
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
is the official journal
of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. It is
devoted to the exchange of ideas and information about the applications of
photogrammetry, remote sensing, and geographic information systems. The
technical activities of the Society are conducted through the following Technical
Divisions: Geographic Information Systems, Photogrammetric Applications,
Lidar, Primary Data Acquisition, Professional Practice, and Remote Sensing
Applications. Additional information on the functioning of the Technical
Divisions and the Society can be found in the Yearbook issue of
PE&RS
.
Correspondence relating to all business and editorial matters pertaining to
this and other Society publications should be directed to the American Society
for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 210,
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PE&RS
.
PE&RS
(ISSN0099-1112) is published monthly by the American So-
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. Copyright by the American Society for Photogrammetry
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Warm weather is to be expected in the summer, but the oppressive heat that affected
several regions in the summer of 2016 went well beyond warm. In June and July, people
in Siberia, the Middle East, and North America faced extreme heat waves.
Parts of Siberia, where cool weather usually lingers even during summer, saw
that would have been more fitting
In July, a rare
even occurred in the Yamal Peninsula after hot weather melted permafrost and
exposed the carcass of a reindeer. Since the outbreak began, the bacteria has killed one
child and more than 2,300 reindeer.
Meanwhile, on July 21, 2016, as an intense heat wave gripped the Middle East and
Southwest Asia, a weather station in Mitrabah, Kuwait,
a temperature of 54.0
degrees Celsius (129.2 degrees Fahrenheit)—possibly the highest temperature on record
for the Eastern Hemisphere and Asia. Before declaring the record officially broken, a
committee of World Meteorological Organization experts will
whether the
sensor used to make the measurement is reliable.
Parts of the Western Hemisphere saw streaks of hot weather as well. In June, re-
cord-breaking heat
the southwestern United States. In July, several cities in the
Southwest and Southeast
For two states—Florida
and New Mexico—July 2016 proved to be the hottest July on record. During the peak of
one heatwave, about 124 million people were under extreme heat warnings in the United
States, according to the National Weather Service.
The three maps on the cover show land surface temperature anomalies in Russia, the
Middle East, and North America from July 20–27, 2016, compared to temperatures for
the same dates from 2001 to 2010. The anomalies are based on land surface tempera-
tures observed by the
(MODIS) on NA-
SA’s
satellite. Red areas were hotter than the long-term average by as much as 12
degrees Celsius (22 degrees Fahrenheit) in some places; blue areas were below average.
White pixels had normal temperatures, and gray pixels did not have enough data, most
likely due to excessive cloud cover. Oceans and lakes appear in gray.
Note that land surface temperatures are not the same as air temperatures. Instead,
they reflect the heating of the land surface by sunlight, and they can sometimes be sig-
nificantly hotter or cooler than air temperatures. (To learn more about land surface tem-
peratures and air temperatures, read:
The bouts of heat come amidst an unusually hot year globally. The six-month period
from January to June was the
in NASA’s
,
with an average temperature that was 1.3 degrees Celsius (2.4 degrees Fahrenheit)
warmer than in the late 19th century. This follows 2015, which was the
and part of th
on record. The ongoing warming trend—as well
as the increasing frequency and severity of high-humidity heat waves—is ultimately
driven by
of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
“While people are very interested in records—the warmest, the hottest, the driest,
the wettest—what really matters for how people live and how ecosystems function are
the long-term trends and the shift in the whole distribution toward warmer tempera-
tures,” said Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, on
“The most important thing to remember is that this is part of a long-term trend.
We’re not [just] talking about a one-off temperature record. We’re talking about whole
stretches of time in India and Pakistan where it’s above 50 degrees Celsius (122 degrees
Fahrenheit).”
NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen using data from the
LPDAAC). Caption by Adam Voiland.
The image can be viewed at
.
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