PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
December 2014
1099
“T
he Tajiks, whose language is nearly
identical with Persian, were part of the
ancient Persian Empire that was ruled
by Darius I and later conquered by Alexander the
Great (333 B.C.). In the 7th and 8th centuries,
Arabs conquered the region and brought Islam.
The Tajiks were successively ruled by Uzbeks and
then Afghans until claimed by Russia in the 1860s.
In 1924, Tajikistan was consolidated into a newly
formed Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic,
which was administratively part of the Uzbek SSR
until the Tajik ASSR gained full-fledged republic
status in 1929.
“Tajikistandeclared its sovereignty in Aug. 1990. In 1991, the
republic’s Communist leadership supported the attempted coup
against Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev. Tajikistan joined
with ten other former Soviet republics in the Commonwealth of
Independent States on Dec. 21, 1991. A parliamentary republic
was proclaimed and presidential rule abolished in Nov. 1992.
After independence, Tajikistan experienced sporadic conflict as
the Communist- dominated government struggled to combat
an insurgency by Islamic and democratic opposition forces.
Despite continued international efforts to end the civil war,
periodic fighting continued. About 60,000 people lost their lives
in Tajikistan’s civil wars”
(Infoplease, 2014).
Slightly smaller than Wisconsin, Tajikistan is bordered by
Afghanistan (1,206 km) (
PE&RS
, January 2004), China (414
km) (
PE&RS
, May 2000), Kyrgyzstan (870 km) (
PE&RS
,
September 2014), and Uzbekistan (1,161 km) (
PE&RS
,
December 1998). The terrain consists of the Pamir and Alay
Mountains that dominate the landscape; western Fergana
Valley in the south; (Sirdaryo) at 300 m; the highest point is
Qullai Ismoili Somoni at 7,495 m
(World Factbook,2014).
“In the early 19 th century the Russian penetration began
into the area between the Caspian Sea and Iran, Afghanistan,
and China. In 1839, the Russian Army moved into the area
of Turkestan which was for centuries an object of struggle
between Turko-Iranian and Chinese influences and completed
its occupation in 1857. In 1867, the Military Topographic
Department of Turkestan was formed and was headed by a
major or brigadier general. The Astronomic and Physical
Observatory of Tashkent was founded officially in 1878. The
city of Tashkent, now the capital of Uzbekistan became the
capital of Turkestan, and by 1888 the region of Transcaspia,
now in southwest Kazakhstan was incorporated as a new
province. The new government of Turkestan incorporated
Khokanda, Tajikistan in 1875, and the Fergana Valley,
Tajikistan in 1876. Triangulations from 1896 to 1929 were
based on base lines measured with Jäderin apparatus (invar
steel and brass wires) at Kyzyl Rabat in southern Tajikistan
and oriented primarily on Osh Datum. Osh, II (NW) Base
Point determined in 1909 by Davidov is where: Φo = 40º 37’
16.67” N ± 0.10”, Λo = 42º 36’ 32.625” E of Pulkovo ± 0.092”.
Determined by a short passage of chronometer from Astro
point Osh, Old Church with Λo = 42º 28’ 32.26” E of Pulkovo
± 0.45” determined in 1884 by telegraph, αo = 152º 54’ 01.86”
± 1.26” to I (SE) Base Point, and the ellipsoid of reference is
the Bessel 1842 where:
a
= 6,377,397.155 meters, and
1 /f
= 299.1528128. The Kyzyl Rabat base line was at SW base
point – NE base point measured in 1912 and was 8,395.683 m
± 0.00241 m, where: Φo = 37º 26’ 40.28” N ± 0.42” N, Λo not
determined, and αo = 75º 45’ 22.72” ± 0.60” to NE Base Point
(Zapiski VTU, Vol. 69 Pt. 2 pl 235; Geodezist Vol. 11-12, p.30).
Starting from the Kyzyl Rabat base line, there were 8 triangles
triangulation of India.
“The main chain with the side Beik (Sarblok)-Ak-turuk-tau
(Kuhtek) is on the Beik Pass tied to the British Triangulation
of India. The British chain of connection is composed of 7
geodetic quadrilaterals with diagonals, 2 central quadrilateral
Republic of
