pixel-based classification methods when shape and shadow
were included. However, advantages provided by the sparse
distribution of cottonwood might be insufficient when dense
cottonwood stands are encountered. In this case, multi-scale
image segmentation or lidar-based classification may be em-
ployed to solve this problem.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to three anonymous reviewers for their com-
ments. The manuscript was proofread by Amy Frazier and
Phil Savoy.
References
Akasheh, O.Z., C.M.U. Neale, and H. Jayanthi, 2008. Detailed
mapping of riparian vegetation
in the middle Rio Grande River
using high resolution multispectral airborne remote
sensing,
Journal of Arid Environments
, 72:1734–1744.
Benz, U.C., P. Hofmann, G. Wilhauck, L. Ligenfelder, and M. Heynen,
2004. Multi-resolution, object-oriented fuzzy analysis of remote
sensing data for GIS-ready
information,
ISPRS Journal of
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
, 58:239–258.
Bishop, C.M., 2006.
Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning
,
Springer, New York, pp. 325–331 p.
Brotherson, J.D., and Von Winkel., 1986. Habitat relationships of
saltcedar (
Tamarix
ramosissima
) in central Utah,
Western North
American Naturalist
, 46(3):535–541.
Bunting, P., and R. Lucas, 2006. The delineation of tree crowns in
Australian mixed species
forests using hyperspectral Compact
Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data,
Remote Sensing of
Environment
, 101:230–248.
Cao, D., J. Li, Z. Huang, C. Baskin, J. Baskin, P. Hao, W. Zhou, and J.
Li, 2012. Reproductive characteristics of a Populus euphratica
population and prospects for its
restoration in China,
PLoS ONE
,
7(7):e39121.
Carter, G.A., K.L. Lucas, G.A. Blossom, C.L. Lassitter, D.M. Holiday,
D.S. Mooneyhan, D.R. Fastring, T.R. Holcombe, and J.A. Griffith,
2009. Remote sensing and mapping of Tamarisk along the
Colorado River, USA: A comparative use of summer-acquired
Hyperion, Thematic Mapper and QuickBird data,
Remote
Sensing
, 1:318–329.
Cochrane, M.A., 2000. Using vegetation reflectance variability for
species level classification of hyperspectral data,
International
Journal of Remote Sensing
, 21(10):2075–2087.
Congalton, R.G., 1991. A review of assessing the accuracy of
classifications of remotely
sensed data,
Remote Sensing of
Environment
, 37:35–46.
Cui, B., Q. Yang, K. Zhang, X. Zhao, and Z. You, 2010. Reponses
of saltcedar (Tamarix
chinensis) to water table depth and
soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta, China,
Plant Ecology
,
209(2):279–290.
Evangelista, P.H., T.J. Stohlgren, J.T. Morisette, and S. Kumar, 2009.
Mapping invasive Tamarisk (Tamarix): A comparison of single-
scene and time-series analyses of
remotely sensed data,
Remote
Sensing
, 1:519–533.
Everitt, J.H., and C.J. Deloach, 1990. Remote sensing of Chinese
Tamarisk (Tamarix
chinensis) and associated vegetation,
Weed
Science
, 38(3):273–278.
Ge, S., R. Carruthers, P. Gong, and A. Herrera, 2006. Texture analysis
for mapping Tamarix parviflora using aerial photographs along
the Cache Creek, California,
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment
, 114(1-3):65–83.
Hamada, Y., D.A. Stow, L.L. Coulter, J.C. Jafolla, and L.W. Hendricks,
2007. Detecting Tamarisk species (Tamarix spp.) in riparian
habitats of Southern California using high
spatial resolution
hyperspectral imagery,
Remote Sensing of Environment
,
109(2):237–248.
Haralick, R.M., K. Shanmugam, and I. Dinstein, 1973. Textural
features for image
classification,
IEEE Transactions on Systems
,
Man and Cybernetics
,
3(6):610–620.
Hay, G.J., G. Castilla, M.A. Wulder, and J.R. Ruiz, 2005. An automated
object-based
approach for the multiscale image segmentation of
forest scenes,
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation
and Geoinformation
, 7:339–359.
Huang, X., and L. Zhang, 2012. Morphological building/shadow
index for building extraction
from high-resolution imagery over
urban areas,
IEEE Journals of Selected Topics in Applied Earth
Observations and Remote Sensing
, 5(1):161–172.
Huang, X., L. Zhang, and L. Wang, 2009. Evaluation of morphological
texture features for mangrove forest mapping and species
discrimination using multispectral IKONOS
imagery,
IEEE
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters
, 6(3):393–397.
Li, J., B. Yu, C. Zhao, R.S. Nowak, Z. Zhao, Y. Sheng, and J. Li,
2013. Physiological and morphological responses of Tamarix
ramosissima and Populus euphratica to altered groundwater
availability,
Tree Physiology
, 33(1):57–68.
Lu, D., and Q. Weng, 2007. A survey of image classification methods
and techniques for
improving classification performance,
International Journal of Remote Sensing
, 28(5):823–870.
Lu, X., and L. Wang, 2015. An object-based SVM method incorporating
optimal segmentation scale estimation using Bhattacharyya
Distance for mapping salt cedar (Tamarisk spp.) with QuickBird
imagery,
GIScience & Remote Sensing
, 52(3):257-273.
Merritt, D.M., and N.L. Poff, 2010. Shifting dominance of riparian
Populus and Tamarix
along gradients of flow alteration in
western North American rivers,
Ecological Application
,
20(1):135–152.
Mountrakis, G, J. Im, and C. Ogole, 2011. Support vector machines in
remote sensing: A
review,
ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing
, 66:247–259.
Nagler, P.L., E.P. Glenn, H. Kim, C. Curtis, and A.R. Huete, 2005.
Vegetation mapping for
change detection on an arid-zone river,
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
, 109(1-3):255–274.
Nagler, P.L., E.P. Glenn, C.S. Jarnevich, and P.B. Shafroth, 2011.
Distribution and abundance of saltcedar and Russian olive in
the western United States,
Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
,
30(6):508–523.
Nagler, P.L., E.P. Glenn, T.L. Thompson, and A.R. Huete, 2004a.
Leaf area index and normalized difference vegetation index as
predictors of canopy characteristics and
light interception by
riparian species on the Lower Colorado River,
Agricultural and
Forest Meteorology
, 125:1–17.
Nagler, P.L., O. Hinojosa-Huerta, E.P. Glenn, J. Garcia-Hernandez,
R. Romo, C. Curtis, A.R. Huete, and S.G. Nelson, 2004b.
Regeneration of native trees in the presence of
invasive saltcedar
in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico,
Conservation Biology
,
19(6):1842-1852.
Narumalani, S., D.R. Mishra, J. Burkholder, and P.B.T. Merani,
2006. A comparative
evaluation of ISODATA and spectral
angle mapping for the detection of saltcedar using airborne
hyperspectral imagery,
Geocarto International
, 21(2):59–66.
Narumalani, S., D.R. Mishra, R. Wilson, P. Reece., and A. Kohler,
2009. Detecting and mapping four invasive species along the
floodplain of North Platte River, Nebraska,
Weed Technology
,
23(1):99–107.
Pal, M., and P.M. Mather, 2005. Support vector machines for
classification in remote sensing,
International Journal of Remote
Sensing
, 26(5):1007–1011.
Peng, J., and Y.C. Liu, 2005. Model and context-driven building
extraction in dense urban
aerial images,
International Journal of
Remote Sensing
, 26(7):1289–1307.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
October 2015
805
