672
November 2018
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING
& REMOTE SENSING
J
ournal
S
taff
Publisher ASPRS
Editor-In-Chief Alper Yilmaz
Technical Editor Michael S. Renslow
Assistant Editor Jie Shan
Assistant Director — Publications Rae Kelley
Electronic Publications Manager/Graphic Artist Matthew Austin
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
is the official journal of the
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. It is devoted to the
exchange of ideas and information about the applications of photogrammetry,
remote sensing, and geographic information systems. The technical activities of
the Society are conducted through the following Technical Divisions: Geographic
Information Systems, Photogrammetric Applications, Lidar, Primary Data
Acquisition, Professional Practice, and Remote Sensing Applications. Additional
information on the functioning of the Technical Divisions and the Society can
be found in the Yearbook issue of
PE&RS.
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PE&RS
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COPYRIGHT 2018.
Copyright by the American Society for Photogrammetry and
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The capital of India, New Delhi, has been experiencing one of the fastest urban expan-
sions in the world. Vast areas of croplands and grasslands are being turned into streets,
buildings, and parking lots, attracting an unprecedented amount of new residents. By
2050, the United Nations projects India will add 400 million urban dwellers, which
would be the largest urban migration in the world for the thirty-two year period.
These images show the growth in the city of New Delhi and its adjacent areas—a
territory collectively known as Delhi—from December 5, 1989, (above) to June 5, 2018
(cover). These false-color images use a combination of visible and short-wave infrared
light to make it easier to distinguish urban areas. The 1989 image was acquired by the
Thematic Mapper on Landsat 5 (bands 7,5,3), and the 2018 image was acquired by
Operational Land Imager on Landsat 8 (bands 7,6,4).
Most of the expansion in Delhi has occurred on the peripheries of New Delhi, as rural
areas have become more urban. The geographic size of Delhi has almost doubled from
1991 to 2011, with the number of urban households doubling while the number of
rural houses declined by half. Cities outside of Delhi—Bahadurgarh, Ghaziabad, Noida,
Faridabad, and Gurugram—have also experienced urban growth over the past three
decades, as shown in these images.
With a flourishing service economy, Delhi is a draw for migrants because it has one of
India’s highest per capita incomes. According to the latest census data, most people
(and their families) move into the city for work. The Times of India reported that the
nation’s capital grew by nearly 1,000 people each day in 2016, of which 300 moved
into the city. By 2028, New Delhi is expected to surpass Tokyo as the most populous
city in the world.
The increased urbanization has had several consequences. One is that the tempera-
tures of the urban areas are often hotter than surrounding vegetated areas. Manmade
structures absorb the heat and then radiate that into the air at night, increasing the
local temperature (the urban heat island effect). Research has shown that densely built
parts of Delhi can be 7°C (45°F) to 9°C (48°F) warmer in the wintertime than undevel-
oped regions.
Additionally, sprawling cities can have several environmental consequences, such as
increasing traffic congestion, greenhouse gas emissions, and air pollution. From 2005
to 2014, NASA scientists have observed an increase in air pollution in India due to the
country’s fast-growing economies and expanding industry.
India is one of many countries with fast-growing cities. By 2050, China is projected
to add 250 million people in its urban areas, and Nigeria may add 190 million urban
dwellers. In total, India, China and Nigeria are expected to account for 35 percent of the
world’s urban population growth between 2018 and 2050.
NASA Earth Observatory images by Lauren Dauphin, using Landsat data from the U.S.
Geological Survey. Story by Kasha Patel.
For more information and to see the original images, visit
.
nasa.gov/view.php?id=92813.
