PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
December 2015
883
PHOTOGRAMME TR I C ENG I NE ER I NG & REMOT E SENS I NG
The official journal for imaging and geospatial information science and technology
December 2015 Volume 81 Number 12
ontroversy Drones on
t the North Pole over
nmanned Santa
Systems
Santa plans to incorporate USS (Unmanned
Santa System) into his operations but elves
deny any knowledge of Drone Section, a/k/a/
”Section D.”
By Michael Hauck, North Pole Press Corp
FEATURES
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Equator
Equator
Equator
TropicofCapricorn (23°27')
TropicofCapricorn (23°27')
AntarcticCircle (66°33')
AntarcticCircle (66°33')
Tropic ofCancer (23°27')
Tropic ofCancer (23°27')
ArcticCircle (66°33')
ArcticCircle (66°33')
VinsonMassif
(highestpoint inAntarctica,4897m)
Lac 'Assal
(lowestpoint in
Africa, -155m)
Kilimanjaro
(highestpoint inAfrica,5895m)
DeathValley
(lowestpoint in
NorthAmerica, -86m)
Mt.McKinley
(highestpoint in
NorthAmerica,6194m)
CerroAconcagua
(highestpoint
in SouthAmerica,
6962m)
Mt. Everest
(highestpoint inAsia
and theworld,8850m)
G
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ChallengerDeep
(world's greatestoceandepth, -10924m)
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A
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MolloyDeep
(deepestpointof the
ArcticOcean, -5607m)
MilwaukeeDeep
(deepestpointof the
AtlanticOcean, -8605m)
N
I
N
E
T
Y
E
A
S
T
R
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G
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J
A
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N
C
H
(deepestpoint
of the IndianOcean,
-7258m)
P
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A N D
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S
(lowestpoint in
Europe, -28m)
Dead Sea
(lowestpoint in
Asia, -408m)
LagunadelCarbón
(lowestpoint in South
America and theWestern
Hemisphere, -105m)
Gora El'brus
(highestpoint in
Europe,5633m)
S A H A R A
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KALAHARI
DESERT
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TAKLAMAKAN
DESERT
GOB I D E S ERT
A
T
R
E
N
C
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South SandwichTrench
(deepestpointof the
SouthernOcean, -8325m)
M
MountKosciuszko
(highestpoint in
Australia,2229m)
Lake Eyre
(lowestpoint in
Australia, -15m)
GREAT VICTORIA
DESERT
M
I
D
-
A
T
L
A
Gough Island
Falkland Islands
(IslasMalvinas)
Bouvet Island
JohnstonAtoll
Kingman Reef (U.S.)
PalmyraAtoll (U.S.)
Greenland
andMiquelon
Western
Sahara
Macau
S.A.R.
Wake Island
Mariana
Guadeloupe (FR.)
Guam
Aruba
Jarvis
Island
(Fr. Poly.)
Christmas Island
Ashmore and
Cartier Islands
(Fr. Poly.)
Coral Sea
Islands
Caledonia
Reunion
(Fr. Poly.)
Norfolk
Island
Heard Island and
McDonald Islands
Cook Islands
F r e n c h P o l y n e s i a
(Fr. Poly.)
Pitcairn Islands
Cayman Is.
Navassa
Island
Turks and
Caicos Islands
Bermuda
Martinique (FR.)
(Fr. S. andAnt. Lands)
(Fr. S. andAnt. Lands)
(Fr. S. andAnt. Lands)
(Fr. S. andAnt. Lands)
Cocos
(Keeling) Islands
Tromelin Island
Juan deNova
Island
Mayotte
Glorioso Islands
Bassas
da India
Europa
Island
Ocean Territory
New
American
Samoa
Niue
Wallis and
Futuna
Tokelau
Howland Island
Baker Island
Northern
Midway
Islands
Islands
Svalbard
JanMayen
Faroe
Islands
British Indian
Clipperton Island
HongKong
S.A.R.
SouthGeorgia and
South Sandwich Islands
Montserrat
Ceuta
Melilla
FrenchGuiana
St. Pierre
Gibraltar
SaintHelena
SaintHelena,Ascension,
and Tristan daCunha
(U.K.)
TRISTANDACUNHA
French Southern andAntarctic Lands
Guernsey
Jersey
Isle of
Man
SaintBarthelemy (FR.)
Curacao
British
Virgin Islands
(U.K.)
Virgin
Islands
(U.S.)
Puerto
Rico
Anguilla (U.K.)
Saint-Martin (FR.)
SintMaarten (NETH.)
ARCTIC OCEAN
ARCTIC OCEAN
Hudson
Bay
BlackSea
Philippine
Sea
NORTH
PAC IF IC
OCEAN
SOUTH
ATLANT IC
OCEAN
Caspian
Sea
Coral
Sea
I N D I A N
O C E A N
OCEAN
Baltic
Sea
Bengal
SOUTH
OCEAN
Tasman Sea
Aral
Sea
LakeBalkhash
Lake
Baikal
Ross
IceShelf
Bayof
SouthChina
Sea
BarentsSea
Lake
Victoria
Lake
Tanganyika
Ross Ice Shelf
ARCTIC OCEAN
JavaSea
CelebesSea
Andaman
Sea
White Sea
Lake
Ladoga
Lake
Onega
Seaof
Japan
MediterraneanSea
SOUTH
PAC IF IC
OCEAN
SOUTHERN OCEAN
SOUTHERN OCEAN
SOUTHERN OCEAN
NORTH
PAC IF IC
OCEAN
Yellow
Sea
Amery Ice
Shelf
EastChina
Sea
PAC IF IC
Red
Sea
Ronne Ice Shelf
Bering Sea
Lake
Nyasa
NORTH
ATLANT IC
Lago
Titicaca
Lake
Superior
Lake
Michigan
Lake
Huron
Lake
Erie
LakeOntario
Sea
Arabian
North
Sea
Norwegian
Sea
Greenland Sea
Beaufort Sea
Denmark
Strait
KaraSea
LaptevSea
EastSiberianSea
Seaof
Okhotsk
Davis
Strait
Baffin
Bay
Caribbean Sea
Gulf ofMexico
Gulf of Alaska
Labrador
Sea
Chukchi
Sea
BandaSea
Arafura
Sea
Timor
Sea
Luzon
Strait
Gulf
of
Bothnia
Persian
Gulf
GulfofOman
Seaof
Azov
Gulfof
Tonkin
Gulfof
Thailand
Drake
Passage
Ross Sea
BellingshausenSea
AmundsenSea
GreatAustralian
Bight
Great
Barrier
Reef
Gulfof
Carpentaria
Bayof
Biscay
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Channel
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Great
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Celtic
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Ross Sea
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CUBA
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PERU
BOLIVIA
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PAPUA
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BAHAMAS
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THEGAMBIA
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ZIMBABWE
ZAMBIA
ANGOLA
COMOROS
SEYCHELLES
TANZANIA
AFRICA
SOUTH
KENYA
UGANDA
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AFRICAN REPUBLIC
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LIBERIA
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MA L I
MAURITANIA
SENEGAL
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EST.
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LAOS
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SOLOMON
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FIJI
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K I R I B A T I
(FRANCE)
(administered byU.K.,
claimedbyARGENTINA)
(CHILE)
(NORWAY)
(administeredbyU.K.,
claimed byARGENTINA)
(CHILE)
(SOUTHAFRICA)
(AUSTL.)
(AUSTL.)
(N.Z.)
(N.Z.)
(N.Z.)
(N.Z.)
(N.Z.)
(N.Z.)
(N.Z.)
(FRANCE)
(N.Z.)
(JAPAN)
(N.Z.)
(EQUA.GUI.)
(BRAZIL)
(BRAZIL)
(BRAZIL)
(FRANCE)
(YEMEN)
(SP.)
(PORT.)
(PORT.)
(U.K.)
(DEN.)
U.S.
(U.K.)
THAILAND
BANGLADESH
CAMBODIA
VIETNAM
(INDIA)
MALDIVES
SRI
LANKA
SINGAPORE
BRUNEI
M A L A Y S I A
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(AUSTL.)
TIMOR-LESTE
A U S T R A L I A
NEW
(U.S.)
(U.S.)
NORTHKOREA
MOROCCO
(FRANCE)
(NETH.)
TRINIDADAND
TOBAGO
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
JAMAICA
(U.S.)
PARAGUAY
ICELAND
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
(U.K.)
(U.K.)
(U.K.)
LIECH.
SWITZ.
LUX.
CZECHREP.
SLOVAKIA
ROMANIA
ALB.
BELARUS
SYRIA
CYPRUS
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claim
1972
Line ofControl
Line of
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(DENMARK)
UK RA IN E
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GEORGIA
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ARMENIA
UN I T ED
S TA T E S
U.S.
(U.S.)
K I R I B A T I
IRAN
IRAQ
AFGHANISTAN
PAKISTAN
ANDORRA
SAN
MARINO
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IND IA
NEPAL
BHUTAN
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(U.S.)
(U.S.)
(U.S.)
(U.S.)
NAURU
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BRA Z I L
A LG ER IA
L IB YA
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An t a r c t ica
BOS.&
HER.
NIGERIA
SAMOA
(U.K.)
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(SP.)
(U.K.)
(SP.)
(IT.)
(SP.)
(FR.)
(IT.)
MALTA
NETH.
BELGIUM
DENMARK
JORDAN
ISRAEL
(GR.)
KUWAIT
BAHRAIN
QATAR
UNITEDARAB
EMIRATES
OMAN
OMAN
GERMANY
POLAND
GRENADA
BARBADOS
ST. LUCIA
DOMINICA
(ECUADOR)
(FRANCE)
(FRANCE)
(FRANCE)
MONGO L IA
DJIBOUTI
BOTSWANA
NAMIBIA
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
TAJIKISTAN
(FRANCE)
ANGOLA
(Cabinda)
(FRANCE)
(FRANCE)
(AUSTL.)
(AUSTL.)
(AUSTL.)
BULGARIA
RUSSIA
GUYANA
URUGUAY
ECUADOR
(CHILE)
(CHILE)
(FRANCE)
(U.K.)
(NORWAY)
(NORWAY)
BENIN
TOGO
D'IVOIRE
CÔTE
SAUDI
ARABIA
SIERRA
LEONE
(MEXICO)
ERITREA
SOUTH
KOREA
GREECE
MACEDONIA
(KIRIBATI)
(BRAZIL)
MAURITIUS
MADAGASCAR
(AUSTL.)
(administered by FRANCE,
claimed byCOMOROS)
(U.K.)
PALAU
VANUATU
TUVALU
BURKINA
FASO
U. S.
ARGENTINA
PORTUGAL
MONACO
LESOTHO
(FRANCE)
(U.S.)
(N.Z.)
(INDIA)
(INDIA)
(COSTA RICA)
(COLOMBIA)
(CHILE)
CHAD
Occupied by SOVIETUNION in 1945,
administered byRUSSIA, claimedby JAPAN
(JAPAN)
(JA
P
AN
)
(U.K.)
VENEZUELA
GHANA
SUDAN
SOUTH
SUDAN
RWANDA
BURUNDI
MALAWI
MOZAMBIQUE
ETHIOPIA
SOMALIA
FEDERATED STATESOFMICRONESIA
HAITI
REP.OF
THE
CONGO
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC
OF THECONGO
SAO TOMEAND PRINCIPE
KA ZAKH S TAN
Taiwan
Twenty-one of 28Antarctic consultative countrieshavemade no
claims toAntarctic territory (althoughRussia and theUnited States
have reserved the right to do so) and they do not recognize the
claims of the other countries.
ST.VINCENTAND
THEGRENADINES
(NETH.)
ANTIGUAANDBARBUDA
ST.KITTSANDNEVIS
(U.S.)
Kabul
Tirana
Algiers
PagoPago
Luanda
BuenosAires
Yerevan
Canberra
Vienna
Baku
Nassau
Manama
Dhaka
Minsk
Brussels
Belmopan
Porto-
Novo
Thimphu
LaPaz
Sarajevo
Gaborone
Brasília
Bandar Seri
Begawan
Sofia
Ouagadougou
Rangoon
Bujumbura
Phnom
Penh
Yaoundé
Ottawa
Praia
Bangui
N'Djamena
Santiago
Beijing
Bogotá
Moroni
San José
Yamoussoukro
Zagreb
Havana
Nicosia
Prague
Kinshasa
Copenhagen
Djibouti
Santo
Domingo
Díli
Quito
Cairo
San Salvador
Malabo
Asmara
Tallinn
Addis
Ababa
Stanley
Tórshavn
Palikir
Suva
Helsinki
Paris
Cayenne
Papeete
Libreville
Banjul
Tbilisi
Berlin
Accra
Athens
Nuuk
(Godthåb)
Hagåtña
GuatemalaCity
Conakry
Bissau
Georgetown
Port-au-
Prince
Tegucigalpa
Budapest
Reykjavík
New
Delhi
Jakarta
Tehran
Baghdad
Dublin
TelAviv-Yafo
Jerusalem
Rome
Kingston
Tokyo
Amman
Astana
Nairobi
Tarawa
Kuwait
Bishkek
Vientiane
Beirut
Maseru
Monrovia
Tripoli
Vilnius
Luxembourg
Skopje
Pristina
Antananarivo
Lilongwe
Kuala
Lumpur
Male
Bamako
Valletta
Majuro
Nouakchott
Port Louis
Mexico
City
Chis¸inau
(
Ulaanbaatar
Podgorica
Rabat
Maputo
Windhoek
Yaren
District
Kathmandu
Amsterdam
Noumea
Wellington
Managua
Niamey
Abuja
Pyongyang
Saipan
Oslo
Muscat
Islamabad
Melekeok
Panama
City
Port
Moresby
Asunción
Lima
Manila
Adamstown
Warsaw
Lisbon
Doha
Brazzaville
Saint-
Denis
Bucharest
Moscow
Kigali
Apia
SâoTomé
Riyadh
Dakar
Belgrade
Victoria
Freetown
Singapore
Bratislava
Ljubljana
Honiara
Mogadishu
Pretoria
Seoul
Madrid
Colombo
Khartoum
Paramaribo
Longyearbyen
Mbabane
Stockholm
Bern
Damascus
Dushanbe
Dar es Salaam
Bangkok
Lomé
Nuku'alofa
Portof Spain
Tunis
Ankara
Ashgabat
Funafuti
Kampala
Kyiv
Abu
Dhabi
London
Washington,D.C.
Montevideo
Tashkent
Port-Vila
Caracas
Hanoi
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Sanaa
Lusaka
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Riga¯
Juba
Kandaha¯r
Constantine
Oran
Namibe
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Comodoro
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Córdoba
La Plata
Mar del Plata
Mendoza Rosario
SanMiguel
deTucumán
Adelaide
Alice Springs
Brisbane
Cairns
Darwin
Hobart
Melbourne
Newcastle
Perth
Sydney
Wollongong
Chittagong
Khulna
Homyel
Cochabamba
Santa
Cruz
Sucre
Belém
Belo
Horizonte
Campinas
Campo
Grande
Curitiba
Florianópolis
Fortaleza
Goiânia
João Pessoa
Joinville
Maceió
Manaus
Natal
Pôrto
Alegre
PôrtoVelho
Recife
Rio de
Janeiro
Salvador
Santos
São Luís
São Paulo
Teresina
Uberlândia
Vitória
Mandalay
Nay Pyi
Taw
Douala
Alert
Calgary
Churchill
Edmonton
FortMcMurray
Halifax
HappyValley-
GooseBay
Iqaluit
Kuujjuaq
Montréal
Pond Inlet
Prince
George
Québec
Resolute
Saskatoon
Toronto
Vancouver
Whitehorse
Winnipeg
Antofagasta
Concepción
PuertoMontt
PuntaArenas
Valparaiso
Baotou
Changchun
Changsha
Chengdu
Chongqing
Dalian
Datong
Fuzhou
Guangzhou
Guiyang
Hangzhou
Harbin
Hefei
Jilin
Jinan
Kunming
Lanzhou
Lhasa
Nanchang
Nanjing
Nanning
Nantong
Ningbo
Qingdao
Shanghai
Shantou
Shenyang
Shijiazhuang
Taipei
Taiyuan
Tianjin
Ürümqi
Wuhan
Xiamen
Xi'an
Yantai
Zhanjiang
Zhengzhou
Zibo
Barranquilla
Cali
Cartagena
Cúcuta
Medellín
Abidjan
Kisangani
Lubumbashi
Mbuji-Mayi
Santiago
Guayaquil
Alexandria
Aswa¯n
Bordeaux
Lille
Lyon
Marseille
Toulouse
Cologne
Frankfurt
Hamburg
Munich
Qaanaaq (Thule)
A¯gra
Ahmada¯ba¯d
Bangalore
Bhopa¯l
Kozhikode
Chennai
Kochi
Coimbatore
Hydera¯ba¯d
Indore
Jaipur
Jamshedpur
Ka¯npur
Kolkata
Lucknow
Ludhia¯na
Madurai
Mumbai
Na¯gpur
Patna
Pune
Su¯rat
Vijayawa¯da
Visha¯khapatnam
Bandung
Banjarmasin
Denpasar
Kupang
Jayapura
Makassar
Malang
Medan
Padang
Palembang
Pekanbaru
PontianakSamarinda
Semarang
Surabaya
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Ahva¯z
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Kermanshah
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Milan
Naples
Palermo
Turin
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O¯saka
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Yokohama
Almaty
Kashi
Hera¯t
Aqtaü
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Atyraü
Qaraghandy
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Shymkent
Mombasa
Blantyre
Timbuktu
Acapulco
Cancún
Chihuahua
Ciudad
Juarez
Guadalajara
León
Matamoros
Mérida
Mexicali
Monterrey
Oaxaca
Puebla
San Luis
Potosí
Tijuana
Toluca
Torreón
Casablanca
Fès
Marrakech
Laayoune
Beira
WalvisBay
Auckland
Christchurch
Ibadan
Kano
Lagos
Ogbomoso
Faisala¯ba¯d
Hydera¯ba¯d
Kara¯chi
Lahore
Multa¯n
Pesha¯war
Quetta
Colón
Arequipa
Cusco
Iquitos
Trujillo
Cebu
Davao
Zamboanga
Kraków
Porto
San Juan
Pointe-Noire
Anadyr'
Arkhangel'sk
Astrakhan'
Barnaul
Chelyabinsk
Cherskiy
Irkutsk
Izhevsk
Kazan'
Khabarovsk
Krasnoyarsk
Magadan
Murmansk
Nizhniy
Novgorod
Noril'sk
Novosibirsk
Omsk
Orenburg
Perm'
Petropavlovsk-
Kamchatskiy
Pevek
Provideniya
Rostov
Saint Petersburg
Samara
Saratov
Tiksi
Tomsk
Tyumen'
Ufa
Ul'yanovsk
Vladivostok
Volgograd
Voronezh
Yakutsk
Chita
Yaroslavl'
Yekaterinburg
Jeddah
Mecca
Kassala
Mek’ele¯
Nyala
Medina
Hargeysa
CapeTown
Durban
Johannesburg
Port
Elizabeth
Busan
Barcelona
Bilbao
Málaga
Sevilla
Valencia
Omdurman
Port Sudan
Aleppo
Kaohsiung
Dodoma
Chiang
Mai
Adana
Bursa
Gaziantep
Istanbul
I
.
zmir
Konya
Donets'k
Kharkiv
L'viv
Odesa
Belfast
Birmingham
Glasgow
Leeds
Anchorage
Atlanta
Austin
Baltimore
Barrow
Boston
Charlotte
Chicago
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Dallas
Denver
Detroit
El Paso
Fairbanks
Honolulu
Houston
Indianapolis
Jacksonville
Juneau
KansasCity
LasVegas
LosAngeles
Miami
Milwaukee
Minneapolis
Nashville
New
Orleans
NewYork
Nome
OklahomaCity
Orlando
Philadelphia
Phoenix
Pittsburgh
Portland
Providence
Buffalo
Sacramento
Saint
Louis
Salt LakeCity
San
Antonio
SanDiego
San Francisco
Seattle
Tampa
Norfolk
Ciudad
Guayana
Maracaibo
Valencia
DaNang
Haiphong
HoChiMinh
City
Aden
Ndola
Bulawayo
Shira¯z¯
Tabriz¯
Al Jizah ¯
Bengha¯zi¯
Lódz.
QUEENELIZABETH
ISLANDS
KURIL
ISLANDS
Wrangel
Island
NEW SIBERIAN ISLANDS
SEVERNAYA
ZEMLYA
FRANZ JOSEF
LAND
NOVAYA
ZEMLYA
Ellesmere
Island
Banks
Island
Victoria
Baffin
Island
Island
Rockall
Sakhalin
Island of
Newfoundland
Sardinia
Sicily
Crete
Minami-tori-shima
Hainan
Dao
Socotra
PENEDOSDE
SÃOPEDROE SÃOPAULO
Kiritimati
(Christmas Island)
Annobon
Diego
Garcia
MartinVaz
Trindade
Isla SanAmbrosio
Easter Island
LordHowe
Island
ÎleAmsterdam
Île Saint-Paul
Tasmania
Campbell
Island
Macquarie
Island
GALAPAGOS
ISLANDS
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
ÎLESMARQUISES
SOCIETY
ISLANDS
ÎLESTUBUAI
ARCHIPELDESTUAMOTU
ARCHIPIÉLAGO
JUAN FERNÁNDEZ
SOUTHORKNEY
ISLANDS
PRINCEEDWARD
ISLANDS
ÎLESCROZET
ÎLESKERGUELEN
CHATHAM ISLANDS
BOUNTY ISLANDS
SNARES ISLANDS
ANTIPODES ISLANDS
AUCKLAND
ISLANDS
KERMADEC
ISLANDS
SPRATLY
ISLANDS
NICOBAR
ISLANDS
PARACEL
ISLANDS
AZORES
CANARY ISLANDS
MADEIRA
ISLANDS
ISLAS
REVILLAGIGEDO
ANDAMAN
ISLANDS
LAKSHADWEEP
Isla de
Malpelo
Isla delCoco
Isla Sala yGómez
ARQUIPÉLAGODE
FERNANDODENORONHA
Isla San Felíx
NAMPO - SHOTO
-
-
Okinawa
R
Y
U
K
Y
U
I
S
L
A
N
D
S
BALEARIC
ISLANDS
Corsica
Ascension
A
L
E
U
T
I
A
N
I
S
L
A
N
D
S
A
L
E
U
T
I
A
N
I
S
L
A
N
D
S
803621AI (G00010) 8-13
Bermuda
AUSTRALIA
Sicily /
AZORES
August 2013
Dependency or area of special sovereignty
Capital
Scale1:35,000,000
standard parallels 38°N and 38°S
RobinsonProjection
Island / island group
Independent state
Physical Map of the World, August 2013
Boundary representation is notnecessarily authoritative.
rofessional Insight
n Interview with Stuart
lundell, Director of Strategy
and Business Development at Geospatial
Solutions, Space and Intelligence Systems,
Harris Corporation.
Grids &
Datums—Epilog
Since 1997 we’ve been
guided around our planet and through history
by studying the Grids and Datums of the World.
This month we sadly celebrate our voyage with
an epilog of our tour.
