PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
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maps larger than 1,500,000 show geographic values of sheet
corners and graticules and carry the Gauss-Krüger military
grid. Gauss-Krüger rectangular coordinates are computed
for each 6° zone, the first zone starting at Greenwich; zones
are numbered eastward. The origin of each zone is the
intersection of the central meridian and the equator. A false
easting of 500,000 meters is added to the central meridian
to avoid negative values. Rectangular coordinates should be
read up and right.
(Note that other than using a scale factor
at origin equal to unity and the eastward numbering of the
zone numbers, the Russia Belts are the same as the Universal
Transverse Mercator UTM Grid System that uses a scale
factor at origin equal to 0.9996 and zone numbers increasing
eastward starting at the International Date Line – Ed.)
“c.
Soviet Maps Published After World War II.
These maps
were converted to the single coordinate system Pulkovo
1942 –
(now properly referred to as
“System 42”
– Ed.)
The
origin of the system is the center of Pulkovo Observatory with
corrected coordinates Φ
o
= 59° 46´ 18.55˝; Λ
o
= +30° 19´ 42.09˝
and azimuth from point Bugry to Sablino 121° 06´ 38.79˝.
The Krasovskiy ellipsoid with dimensions a = 6,378,245 m
(sic)
and
α
= 1:298.3
(sic)
replaced the Bessel spheroid. The
projection and military grid remained the same. The mean
sea level of the Baltic Sea at the Kronshtadt tidal gage
was accepted as zero altitude. Coordinates are not reduced
to sea level but to the reference ellipsoid, which is tangent
to the geoid only at Pulkovo”
(ibid, TM-5-246, 1963)
. The
current NATO transformation parameters
from
System
42
(European Russia – Ed.)
to
WGS 84 are: ΔX = +28.0 m,
ΔY =
–
130.0 m, and ΔZ = –95.0 m.
“The Russian Far East has a different story, however
since the Russian professional literature on surveying and
mapping does not include a comprehensive study of the Far
East. Local datums established astronomically for chains
surveyed in different regions included:
Khabarovsk 1907
Datum
where: Φ
o
= 48° 30’ 22.61”, Λ
o
= +135° 08’ 04.08”,
α
o
= 48° 44’ 49.10” to II Base Point Matveyevka. The length
of the old 1907 Khabarovsk base line measured along the
string, served as initial vales in the primary computing of
the 1
st
order chain Khabarovsk – Iman – Vladivostok and to
it attached 2
nd
and 3
rd
order nets established in 1907-1909.
The
Svobodnyy 1935 Datum
had its origin at station
Chernigovskiy (coordinates mentioned above) and base line
measurements were performed with the four-wire Jäderin
apparatus as follows: Iman 1907, 9,837.648 m; Knevichi 1909,
5353.511 m; Khabarovsk 1909, 6906.296 later abandoned;
Khabarovsk 1912, 6201.515 m; St. Olga 1912, 5443.905 m;
N. Tambovskoye 1914, 4644.222 m; Ferma 1910, 6058.629 m
and Ferma 1914, 6058.722. The
Iman 1914 Datum
origin
at 359 Northern Terminal of the Iman base line defined on
the Bessel 1841 ellipsoid is where: Φ
o
= 45° 53´ 07.54˝, Λ
o
=
+133° 41´ 40.23˝, α
o
= 168° 40´ 14.12˝ to 351 Iman, South Base
Point. The
Harbin 1905 Datum
origin is at New Harbin
1904 where: Φ
o
= 45° 44´ 49.00˝, Λ
o
= +126° 37´ 39.70˝, α
o
=
65° 02´ 34.00˝ to Huanshanchzuiza. The
Vladivostok 1914
Datum
origin at station 61 Vladivostok 1903 is where: Φ
o
=
43° 07´13.10”, Λ
o
= +131° 53´ 33.92˝. The
Ferma 1910 Datum
origin at 750 Ferma I is where: Φ
o
= 52° 40´ 54.10˝, Λ
o
= +140°
03´ 17.33˝, α
o
= 265° 35´ 26.36˝ to 747 Verpli (II Southeastern
Terminal). The
Langr 1909 Datum
origin referenced to
the Clarke 1880 ellipsoid where: a = 6,378,249.145 m,
1
/
f
=
293.465 is at 371(898) Langr East Base Point where: Φ
o
=
53° 18´ 59.12˝, Λ
o
= +141° 27´ 38.68˝, α
o
= 134° 35´ 49.7˝ to
West Base Point Terminal. The
De Kastri 1910 Datum
was
referenced to the Clarke 1880 ellipsoid and the origin point
at 235 De Kastri Bay is where: Φ
o
= 51° 27´ 50.7˝, Λ
o
= +140°
48´41.4˝, α
o
= 257° 24´ 56.47˝ to 638 Southern Terminal.
“By the decree of the Council of Ministers of USSR No. 760
of 7 April 1946 an order was given to unify the entire USSR
triangulation into one uniform system oriented at Pulkovo
defined in 1942. The decree prescribed also transformation
of coordinates and the recasting of maps referring to local
datums into a newly established uniform system. (Connection
between Pulkovo and Svobodnyy was established in 1935). In
1954 the transformation of coordinates of local triangulations
into Pulkovo
System 42
was completed”
(Analysis of Surveys
in the Russian Far East, Army Map Service Technical Report
No. 31, Andrew M. Glusic, September 1960, 114 pages).
The contents of this column reflect the views of the author, who is
responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein.
The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of
the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and/
or the Louisiana State University Center for GeoInformatics (C
4
G).
