244
May 2018
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
of reference is the Bessel 1841 where a = 6,377,397.155 and
1
/
f
= 299.1528128. Instruments used by the Polish military
included theodolites manufactured by Bamberg, Fennel,
Wild-Heerbrugg, and Aerogeopribor. Over 120 triangles were
observed from 1927 to 1935, with the average angular error
of figure not exceeding 0.56 arc seconds. (Post WW II obser-
vations with T-3 theodolites yielded errors not exceeding 0.46
arc seconds). Baselines were measured at Grodno, Kobryn,
Warsaw, Lomža, Luniniec, Mir, and Braslaw. Laplace sta-
tions (astro shots) were observed at Varsovic (initial point
Borowa Góra), Borkowo, Kopciowka, and Skopowka.
The 1:25,000, 1:100,000, and 1:300,000 maps produced by
the Wojskowy Instytut Geograficzny (WIG) or Military Geo-
graphical Institute, were products of carto-graphic datum
shifts (scissors and paste) to PND 1925 and are cast on the
Polish Stereographic Grid. The old Polish Stereographic Grid
is based on the mathematical model by Rousilhe, who was
the Hydrographer of the French Navy. All ellipsoidal oblique
stereographic projections developed and used worldwide be-
fore WWI are based on Rousilhe’s work that was originally
published in
Annals Hydrographique
. The development of
the projection for nearby Romania (STEREO 70) was done by
the Bulgarian geodesist, Hristow in the late 1930’s. The PND
1925 WIG Military Stereo-graphic Latitude of Origin (
f
o
) =
52° 00´ N, Central Meridian (
l
o
) = 22° 00´ E, the Scale Factor
at Origin (m
o
) = 1.0, the False Easting = 600 km, and the
False Northing = 500 km. The PND 1925 Grids developed for
the Cadastre around the same time were cast on the Gauss-
Krüger Transverse Mercator where the Scale Factor at Ori-
gin (m
o
) = 1.0, the False Easting = 90 km, the False Northing
=
minus
5,700 km
at the equator
, and the Central Meridians
(
λ
o
) = 15°, 17°, 19°, and 21° East of Greenwich.
During WWII, the Generalstab des Heerres, Reichsamt
für Landesaufnahme (German Army) produced topographic
maps of Poland cast on the Deutches Herres Gitter (DHG)
Grid, which is identical to the UTM except for the Scale Fac-
tor at Origin (m
o
) = 1.0. Of course, the Datum used was the
PND 1925, as was the equivalent treatment of Poland by the
USSR with the Russia Belts TM that had the same defining
parameters as the DHG except for the Datum and ellipsoid.
The Russian coverage during the war had
double
Grids in Po-
land that exhibited unresolved horizontal Datum discrepan-
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IMAGING & GEOSPATIAL
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earn asprs
certification
ASPRS congratulates these recently Certified and Re-certified individuals:
ASPRS Certification validates your professional practice and
experience. It differentiates you from others in the profession.
For more information on the ASPRS Certification program: contact
visit
RECERTIFIED MAPPING SCIENTIST, REMOTE SENSING
Robert C. Black, Certification #R157RS
Effective January 7, 2018, expires January 7, 2023
RECERTIFIED PHOTOGRAMMETRISTS
Gencaga Aliyazicioglu, Certification #R969
Effective January 13, 2018, expires January 13, 2023
Dariusz Janus, Certification #R1534
Effective November 8, 2017, expires November 8, 2022
Jonathan W. Martin, Certification #R1042
Effective March 7, 2018, expires March 7, 2023
Eugene Rose, Certification #R1548
Effective April 7, 2018, expires April 7, 2023
Mark Safran, Certification #R1350
Effective March 7, 2018, expires March 7, 2023
Theodore N. Schall, Certification #R1357
Effective April 7, 2018, expires April 7, 2023
Timothy S. Schall, Certification #R1029
Effective March 26, 2018, expires March 26, 2023
Brian M. Stefancik, Certification #R1545
Effective March 7, 2018, expires March 7, 2023
Yandong Wang, Certification #R1340
Effective December 4, 2017, expires December 4, 2022
