PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
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cies ranging from 160 to 250 meters. After the war, the USSR
converted their
military
topographic coverage of the Warsaw
Pact countries to the System 42 Datum that has its origin
at Pulkovo Observatory and is referenced to the Krassovsky
ellipsoid. In the Republic of Poland, their preferred terminol-
ogy of that Datum is “Polish National 1942” or “PN 42.”
Large scale topographic maps of Poland published in the
latter part of the 20th century are on the “UKŁAD 65 Sys-
tem,” the parameters of which have been a closely held se-
cret. In the past few years, little information has dribbled
out of Poland on these “Strefa” or Zones. In February of 2000,
Wojtek Hanik sent the de-classified parameters to me! There
are five Strefa comprising the UKŁAD 65 System, four are
based on the “Quasi-Stereographic” Grid (Rousilhe Oblique
Stereographic), and the fifth is a Gauss-Krüger Transverse
Mercator Grid. Strefa 1 covers the following provinces: Bia-
la Podlaska, Eastern Bielsko, Chełm, Kielce, Kraków, Kro-
sno, Lódź, Lublin, Nowy S cz, Piotrków, Premysl, Radom,
Rzeszów, Sieradz, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnów, and Zamość. The
UKŁAD 65 Strefa 1 Quasi-Stereographic Grid Latitude of Or-
igin (
f
o
) = 50° 37´ 30˝ N, Central Meridian (
λ
o
) = 21° 05´ 00˝
E, the Scale Factor at Origin (m
o
) = 0.9998, the False East-
ing = 4,637 km, and the False Northing = 5,467 km. Strefa 2
covers the following provinces: Bialystok, Ciechanów, Lomźa,
Olsztyn, Ostrol ka, Plock, Siedlce, Skierniewice, Suwałki,
and Warszawa. The UKŁAD 65 Strefa 2 Quasi-Stereographic
Grid Latitude of Origin (
f
o
) = 53° 00´ 07˝ N, Central Meridian
(
λ
o
) = 21° 30´ 10˝ E, the Scale Factor at Origin (m
o
) = 0.9998,
the False Easting = 4,603 km, and the False Northing = 5,806
km. Strefa 3 covers the following provinces: Bydgoszcz, Elb g,
Gdańsk, Koszalin, Słupsk, Szczecin, Toruń, and Włocławek.
The UKŁAD 65 Strefa 3 Quasi-Stereographic Grid Latitude
of Origin (
f
o
) = 53° 35´ 00˝ N, Central Meridian (
l
o
) = 17°
00´ 30˝ E, the Scale Factor at Origin (m
o
) = 0.9998, the False
Easting = 3,703 km, and the False Northing = 5,627 km. Stre-
fa 4 covers the following provinces: Gorzów, Jelenia Gora, Ka-
lisz, Konin, Legnica, Leszno, Opole, Pila, Poznań, Wałbrzych,
Wrocław, and Zielona Góra. The UKŁAD 65 Strefa 4 Qua-
si-Stereographic Grid Latitude of Origin (
f
o
) = 51° 40´ 15˝
N, Central Meridian (
λ
o
) = 16° 40´ 20˝ E, the Scale Factor
at Origin (m
o
) = 0.9998, the False Easting = 3,703 km, and
the False Northing = 5,627 km. Strefa 5 covers the following
provinces: Western Bielsko, Cz stochowa, and Katowice. The
UKŁAD 65 Strefa 5 Gauss-Krüger Transverse Mercator Grid
Central Meridian (
l
o
) = 18° 57´ 30˝ E, the Scale Factor at
Origin (m
o
) = 0.999983, the False Easting = 237 km, and the
False Northing =
minus
4,700 km.
For small scale mapping, the GUGiK 80 Quasi-Stereo-
graphic (Rousilhe) projection is used where the Latitude of
Origin (
f
o
) = 52° 12´ N (approx.), Central Meridian (
λ
o
) =
19° 10´ E. The scale factor at a point is designed to be equal
to unity at a distance of 215 km from the projection origin.
These mysterious parameters, of which some are still held
and some are now public, reflect the history of the nation.
Those countries that have a long and recent history of war,
occupation, or blood spilled at borders will be particularly
sensitive about releasing Grid and/or Datum relation param-
eters. The release of some of this previously secret data may
be an indication of the Republic’s confidence in the future.
U
pdate
“The ETRS89 was introduced in Poland technically by the
GNSS technique in the last years of the 20th century and by
law in 2000. On 2 June 2008, the Head Office of Geodesy and
Cartography in Poland (GUGiK) commenced operating the
multifunctional precise satellite positioning system named
ASG-EUPOS. The ASG-EUPOS network defines the Europe-
an Terrestrial Reference System ETRS89 in Poland. A close
connection between the ASGEUPOS stations and 18 Polish
EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) stations controls the
realization of the ETRS89 on Polish territory. In 2010-2011
GUGiK integrated the ASG-EUPOS with the existing geodet-
ic networks (horizontal and vertical) using GNSS and spirit
levelling. Those actions resulted in developing and then legal
introduction in 2012 new technical standards: to the National
Spatial Reference System (PSOP) and to establish and main-
tain the geodetic (horizontal and vertical), gravity and mag-
netic control in the country. Thus, the geodetic, gravimetric
and magnetic system in Poland has been associated with the
European one (previous and current). This allowed for the
next step of networks integration in Poland, namely, in 2013
started integration of national geodetic control with gravi-
metric control. Modern geodetic, gravimetric and magnetic
networks in Poland are to be fully consistent with the Euro-
pean system. In 2011, following the initiative by the Section
of Geodetic Networks and the Section of Earths’ Dynamics
of the Committee on Geodesy of the Polish Academy of Sci-
ences, a new research network “Polish Research Network for
Global Geodetic Observing System” (acronym GGOS-PL) has
been established”
(Jarosław Bosy, and Jan Kryński, POLISH
NATIONAL REPORT ON GEODESY 2011– 2014, Vol. 64,
Warsaw, 2015)
.
The contents of this column reflect the views of the author, who is
responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein.
The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of
the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and/
or the Louisiana State University Center for GeoInformatics (C
4
G).
This column was previously published in
PE&RS
.
