528
September 2018
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING
& REMOTE SENSING
J
ournal
S
taff
Publisher ASPRS
Editor-In-Chief Alper Yilmaz
Technical Editor Michael S. Renslow
Assistant Editor Jie Shan
Assistant Director — Publications Rae Kelley
Electronic Publications Manager/Graphic Artist Matthew Austin
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
is the official journal of the
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. It is devoted to the
exchange of ideas and information about the applications of photogrammetry,
remote sensing, and geographic information systems. The technical activities of
the Society are conducted through the following Technical Divisions: Geographic
Information Systems, Photogrammetric Applications, Lidar, Primary Data
Acquisition, Professional Practice, and Remote Sensing Applications. Additional
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PE&RS.
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Every summer, phyto-
plankton spread across
the northern basins of the
North Atlantic and Arc-
tic Oceans, with blooms
spanning hundreds and
sometimes thousands of
kilometers. Nutrient-rich,
cooler waters tend to pro-
mote more growth among
marine plants and phyto-
plankton than is found in
tropical waters. Blooms
this summer off of Scan-
dinavia seem to be partic-
ularly intense.
On July 18, 2018, the
Operational Land Imager
(OLI) on Landsat 8 acquired a natural-color image (above) of a swirling green phytoplank-
ton bloom in the Baltic Sea. Note how the phytoplankton trace the edges of a vortex.
Three decades of satellite observations suggest that these green blooms are likely to be
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), an ancient type of marine bacteria that capture and
store solar energy through photosynthesis (like plants). Some of the greens also could
come from diatoms, which are also rich in chlorophyll. According to news outlets, the
Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) has observed the recent bloom from the water and
found it to be mostly cyanobacteria.
In recent years, the proliferation of algae blooms in the Baltic Sea has led to the regular
appearance of “dead zones” in the basin. Phytoplankton and cyanobacteria consume
the abundant nutrients in the Baltic—fueled in part by past and current runoff from
sewage and agriculture—and reproduce in such vast numbers that their growth and
decay deplete the oxygen content of the water. According to researchers from Finland’s
University of Turku, the dead zone this year is estimated to span about 70,000 square
kilometers (27,000 square miles).
A research team from Finland and Germany reported this month that oxygen levels in
recent years in the Baltic Sea are at their lowest levels in the past 1500 years. More
frequent and massive blooms, combined with warming seas due to climate change, are
making it harder for fish and other marine life to thrive in this basin.
On July 20, 2018, the
Moderate Resolution Im-
aging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua
satellite acquired the
second natural-color im-
age of a different bloom
in the waters off of Nor-
way and Russia (lefft).
The milky teal and white
blooms are probably
coccolithophores, which
have tiny, chalky, calcium
carbonate shells. The
variations in brightness and color is related to both the concentration of phytoplankton
and to the depth, as coccolithophores can grow as much as 50 meters below the water
surface.
Research has shown that diatoms tend to dominate the waters of the Barents Sea in the
early summer, when surface waters are well mixed. As summer temperatures heat up
and the water settles into warmer and cooler, fresher and saltier layers (stratification),
coccolithophores start to take over.
NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens and Lauren Dauphin, using Landsat
data from the U.S. Geological Survey and MODIS data from LANCE/EOSDIS Rapid Re-
sponse. Story by Mike Carlowicz.
For more information, visit
