614
August 2015
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
and Monaco’s sovereignty were recognized by the Franco-
Monegasque Treaty of 1861.
In spite of the four million
franc indemnity, Monaco’s reduced size and loss of the
income it would have gained from Roquebrune and Menton
prevented the Principality from escaping its difficult financial
predicament.
Albert I, previously devoted to scientific
research in the fields of oceanography and paleontology,
assumed the role of Prince of Monaco in 1889. With an
outstanding reputation, a seat in the Academy of Sciences,
and various discoveries which are too numerous to discuss,
he established the Oceanographic Museum, which is one of
the top centers for oceanography to this day. Jacques-Yves
Cousteau was the Director of the Oceanographic Museum
from 1957 to 1988”
(Embassy of Monaco, 2015)
.
Monaco has a 6-kilometer border with France, the
lowest
point is the Mediterranean Sea (0 m), and the highest point
is Mont Agel (140 m). The coordinate systems of Monaco are
one and the same as France. The Meridian Survey of Picard
was (1669-1671), followed by the Meridian Survey of Cassini
(1683-1718), the Triangulation of Cassini (1733-1770), the
Meridian Survey of France (1739-1740); the Triangulation of
the Geographic Engineers (1792-1884) applied the Meridian
of Delambre and Méchain, and the New Meridian of France
(1870-1896). The New Triangulation of France (NTF) had
a principal network that consisted of 800 points of 1
st
Order
spaced at 30 km intervals, 5,000 points of 2
nd
Order spaced
at 10 km intervals, and 60,000 points of 3
rd
and 4
th
Orders
spaced at 3 km intervals. The origin of the datum had its
fundamental point located at the Cross of the Panthéon in
Paris where: Φ
o
= 48° 50′ 46.52′′ N, Λ
o
= 02° 20′ 48.62′′ (East
of Greenwich) and referenced to the Clarke 1880 ellipsoid
where:
a
= 6,378, 249.145 m and
1
/
f
= 293.465. Monaco is on
the French Lambert Zone III (Sud); the Latitude of Origin was
φ
o
= 44° 06’ 00”, the Central Meridian was λ
o
= 2° 20’ 13.95”
East of Greenwich (zero degrees from the Paris Meridian),
the Scale Factor at Origin (m
o
) = 0.999877501, and the False
Easting was 600 km and the False Northing was 200
km. After WWII, the U.S. Army Map Service developed
the European Datum of 1950 (ED50) such that its
fundamental point was located at the Helmert Tower
in Potsdam where: Φ
o
= 52° 22′ 53.954′′ N, Λ
o
= 13°
04′ 01.153′′ (East of Greenwich) and referenced to the
International 1924 ellipsoid where:
a
= 6,378, 388 m
and 1/
f
= 297. For the ED50, the UTM Grid is used. The
current system for France and Monaco is the Réseau
Géodésique Français 1993 (RGF93) associated with
the European Terrestrial Reference System of 1989
(ETRF89) and referenced to the GRS80 ellipsoid where:
a
= 6,378, 137 m and 1/
f
= 298.257222101. For all of
France (& Monaco) the “Lambert-93” parameters are:
Latitude of Origin φ
o
= 46° 30′ N, the Central Meridian
is λ
o
= 3° East of Greenwich, the Northern Standard
Parallel φ
N
= 49° N, the Southern Standard Parallel
φ
S
= 44° N, and the False Easting is 700 km and the
False Northing is 6,600 km.
Standard transformations published by the
Institut
Geographique National
(IGN) for France and for
Monaco are:
From
NTF
to
WGS84, ∆X = –168 m, ∆Y
= –60 m, ∆Z = +320 m;
From
NTF
to
ED50, ∆X = –84
m, ∆Y = +37 m, ∆Z = +437 m;
From
ED50
to
WGS84,
∆X = –84 m, ∆Y = –97 m, ∆Z = –117 m. A bilinear grid
interpolation system is also offered to the public free of
charge by the IGN
from
NTF
to
RGF93.
The contents of this column reflect the views of the author, who
is responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented
herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views
or policies of the American Society for Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing and/or the Louisiana State University Center
for GeoInformatics (C
4
G).
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