classification approach to overcome the challenging task of
production of accurate and very detailed urban
LCLU
maps.
Landscape metrics were calculated from these maps to con-
duct a quantitative spatial comparisons of two different city
landscapes; one having huge industrialized areas (Karabuk
center) and another with urban sites and archeological city
residences (Safranbolu) which was declared as World Cultur-
al Heritage. Separating each landscape into two sub-regions
considering urban clusters (urban areas) and natural areas
(district areas) facilitated the classification procedure and
interpretation of landscape metrics with appropriate scale.
Having green urban area as a class in
LCLU
maps and using its
metrics provided valuable information on connectivity of ur-
ban green patches and configuration of green urban areas and
how the arrangements are changing in a historical and newly
planned two cities.
Analysis of urban areas with landscape metrics allow for
analyzing spatial heterogeneity of two different landscapes
quantitatively. Although, agricultural areas, semi-natural
areas, and wetlands class is the dominant landscape types
for both areas; spatial distribution and landscape patterns are
quite different for urban fabric, transportation and mineral
extraction classes. Patch density metric provided useful infor-
mation to evaluate development level of urban fabric related
classes. Euclidean Nearest Neighbor Distance (
ENN_MN
) metric
value could be successfully used to evaluate the density of
urban fabrics. Safranbolu has higher
ENN_MN
values imply-
ing the sparely distributed urban areas compared to Karabuk
City. Higher values of
PD
and
ED
values have indicated more
heterogeneous and complex patches.
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our gratitude to Center of Satellite
Communications and Remote Sensing (
CSCRS
) for providing
SPOT
6/7 images to this research; to Demet Kap Yucel for her
valuable comments, and to Karabük Municipality and Septar
Planning for providing Master Zone maps.
References
Airbus, 2013. SPOT6/7 Satellite Imagery, URL:
intelligence-airbusds.com/en/147-spot-6-7-satellite-imagery/
,
(last date accessed 10 September 2018.).
Akay, S.S., E. Sertel, 2016. Urban land cover/use change detection
using high resolution Spot 5 and Spot 6 Images and Urban
Atlas Nomenclature.
ISPRS - International Archives of
Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information
Sciences
, XLI-B8:789–796.
-
XLI-B8-789-2016.
Alganci, U., E. Sertel, M. Ozdogan, and C. Ormeci, 2013. Parcel-
level identification of crop types using different classification
algorithms and multi-resolution imagery in southeastern Turkey,
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
, 79:1053–1065.
Table 6.
CONTAG
indices results for urban areas.
CONTAG
Safranbolu urban area 65.29
Center urban area
64.27
Table 7.
CONTAG
indices results for districts.
CONTAG
Safranbolu
85.701
Center
84.805
Table 5. Metrics results for districts.
Class
PD
LPI
ED
FRAC_AM
ENN_MN
Safranbolu Center Safranbolu Center Safranbolu Center Safranbolu Center Safranbolu Center
Continuous Urban Fabric (S.L. >
80%)
0.12
0.22
0.01
0.01
0.46
1.02
1.07
1.08 70.11 107.44
Discontinuous Dense Urban
Fabric (S.L. 50% - 80%)
0.30
0.31 0.001 0.01
1.26
1.40
1.09
1.09 218.32 121.3
Discontinuous Medium Density
Urban Fabric (S.L. 30% - 50%)
0.33
0.44 0.004 0.03
1.50
2.33
1.12
1.14 192.83 157.41
Discontinuous Low Density Urban
Fabric (S.L. 10% - 30%)
0.42
0.58
0.01
0.02
2.61
3.32
1.16
1.13 171.936 132.81
Discontinuous Very Low Density
Urban Fabric (S.L. < 10%)
0.40
0.42
0.01
0.03
2.84
3.25
1.14
1.15 244.821 187.47
Industrial, commercial, public,
military and private units
0.04
0.34
0.02
0.28
0.54
2.89
1.16
1.1 517.05 126.25
Other roads and associated land
1.61
1.08
1.03
0.61 35.56 36.07 1.59
1.55 45.64 46.40
Railways and associated land
*
0.01
*
0.06
*
1.50
*
1.54
*
53.76
Mineral extraction and dump sites
0.16 0.035 0.11
0.04
1.06
0.65
1.12
1.16 225.27 928.81
Construction sites
0.02 0.028 0.01
0.01
0.16
0.20
1.15
1.13 866.77 702.6
Land without current use
0.02
0.063 0.02
0.01
0.14
0.41
1.09
1.09 225.73 47.08
Green urban areas
0.09 0.264 0.01
0.01
0.45
1.45
1.13
1.16 57.03 43.79
Sports and leisure facilities
0.04 0.021 0.01 0.004 0.15
0.11
1.10
1.06 113.11 839.78
Agricultural areas, semi-natural
areas and wetlands
2.28 1.639 1.31
2.12 45.77 31.43 1.21
1.19 38.12
59.9
Forests
1.12 1.045 13.20 22.98 43.72 34.45 1.21
1.20 19.29 21.33
Water
0.09 0.078 0.04
0.04
2.76
1.85
1.32
1.26 23.75 10.44
720
November 2018
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
